The Run Function Is Not A Loop#
In Meep, there are functions run
(Python) or run-until
(Scheme) and similar that time step the fields, and take arguments allowing custom actions to be performed on every time step, or on some subset of the time steps. Many users misunderstand this, however, and make the same mistake: they think the run
function is a "looping" construct of some kind, and that you can just put any code you want into it and it will get executed for every time step. This mistake and how to correct it are described in this article.
Hello World#
Let's consider a "Hello World" example. Suppose we start with a control file that runs for 200 time units and outputs on each time step:
Python
sim = meep.Simulation(...)
sim.run(meep.output_efield_z, until=200)
Scheme
(run-until 200 output-efield-z)
and now we want to modify it to also print "Hello World!" for every time step, as it is running.
The Wrong Way#
Many users will naively write:
Python
sim.run(meep.output_efield_z, print("Hello World!"), until=200)
Scheme
(run-until 200 output-efield-z (print "Hello World!\n"))
This is wrong. It will output "Hello World!" once, then give an error. What is going on? The problem is that you are thinking of run
(Python) or run-until
(Scheme) in the wrong way, as if it were a loop:
Python
for time < 200:
meep.output_efield_z
print("Hello World!")
Scheme
for time < 200 do
output-efield-z
(print "Hello World!\n")
This is not what is happening. Instead, run
(Python) or run-until
(Scheme) is just a function that runs the simulation, and its arguments should be functions that are called for each time step. That is, it is really doing something like:
evaluate the arguments: 200: a number
output-efield-z: a function
(print "Hello World!\n"): prints output and returns #<unspecified>;
call run-until:
time-step until t=200
at each time step, call the arguments:
call (output-efield-z)
call (#<unspecified>)
Two things went wrong. First, the arguments are evaluated before calling the function, which means that the print
statement is executed before run-until
even starts. Second, run-until
then tries to call the result of (print ...)
as if it were a function, which causes an error because (print ...)
does not return a function. The print
returns a special Scheme code #<unspecified>
that means it doesn't really return anything at all.
The Right Way#
What we should have passed to run
(Python) or run-until
(Scheme), instead of the result of calling print(...)
(Python) or (print ...)
(Scheme), is a function that calls print(...)
(Python) or (print ...)
(Scheme). There are two ways to do it.
First, we could explicitly define a function, call it my_hello
(Python) or my-hello
(Scheme), that does what we want:
Python
def my_hello(sim):
print("Hello World!")
sim.run(meep.output_efield_z, my_hello, until=200)
Scheme
(define (my-hello) (print "Hello World!\n"))
(run-until 200 output-efield-z my-hello)
Notice two things. First, my_hello
(Python) or my-hello
(Scheme) is a function of one argument (Python) or no arguments (Scheme), which means that it is just called at every time step. Another, more complicated, possibility is described in the Python Interface/Writing Your Own Step Functions or Scheme Interface/Writing Your Own Step Functions. Second, when we call run
(Python) or run-until
(Scheme), we just pass the name of the function my_hello
(Python) or my-hello
(Scheme), and not the result of calling the function my_hello(...)
(Python) or (my-hello)
(Scheme).
A second possibility in Scheme is that we could use Python or Scheme's lambda
construct to define our function in-line. The lambda
syntax in Python or Scheme allows you to define anonymous functions without assigning them a name via def
(Python) or define
(Scheme), and to stick the function definition right into another expression. It works like this:
Python
sim.run(meep.output_efield_z, lambda sim: print("Hello World!"), until=200)
Scheme
(run-until 200 output-efield-z (lambda () (print "Hello World!\n")))
In Python, lambda sim: ...
defines a function of one argument sim
. In Scheme, (lambda () ...)
defines a function of no arguments ()
. Both functions, when called, execute the ...
statements.